Total vs Partial Knee Replacement: What Is the Difference?

Knee replacement is not one single operation. Depending on how much of the knee is worn, a surgeon may suggest replacing the whole joint surface (total knee replacement) or only one damaged part (partial knee replacement). This guide explains the difference in general terms. Which option suits you can only be decided after an examination and scans.

How the knee is divided

The knee has three main compartments: the inner (medial) side, the outer (lateral) side, and the part behind the kneecap. In arthritis, the smooth cartilage that covers the bones wears away. Sometimes the wear affects the whole knee. In some people it mainly affects one compartment.

What total knee replacement means

In a total knee replacement, the worn surfaces at the ends of the thigh bone and shin bone are replaced with metal and plastic parts, and the back of the kneecap may also be resurfaced. It is usually considered when wear is spread across the knee or when the knee is badly affected by arthritis.

What partial knee replacement means

In a partial knee replacement, only the damaged compartment is replaced and the rest of the knee is left in place. It may be considered when the wear is limited to one area and the ligaments are healthy. Not many people have a pattern of damage that suits it, so an examination and imaging are essential.

Points your surgeon may consider

• Where the damage is. X-rays, and sometimes an MRI scan, show which parts of the knee are worn.
• Ligament health. A partial replacement depends on the ligaments being in good condition.
• Stiffness and shape of the leg. A knee that is very stiff or has a marked deformity may need a different approach.
• Your age, activity and general health. These help the surgeon plan what is likely to suit you.
• Future surgery. Any knee replacement may need to be revised in the long run, and your surgeon can explain what this could involve for you.

Both options start with a proper assessment

Many people with knee arthritis are first advised to try exercise, weight management, walking aids and medicines. Surgery is usually discussed when pain and loss of movement continue to affect daily life. Our article on when to consider knee replacement surgery may help you think about timing.

Questions worth asking your surgeon

• Which parts of my knee are damaged?
• Am I suitable for a partial replacement, or is a total replacement the better option for me?
• What are the risks of each option for someone with my health?
• What will recovery and physiotherapy involve?
• Would computer or robotic assistance be useful in my case?

Consult Dr. Ankkur Kumar in Pimple Saudagar, Pune

Dr. Ankkur Kumar is an orthopaedic surgeon who sees patients with knee and hip problems. You can read about knee replacement surgery in Pune, robotic knee replacement and how to choose a knee replacement surgeon, or book a consultation to discuss your own knee.

This article is general information and is not a substitute for a medical examination.